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The consuls

The juridical background related to the establishment of consulates in the Romanian Principalities / Romania varied greatly during the 19^th century. With the two principalities considered as Ottoman autonomous provinces, consulates, vice–consulates or consular agencies were only opened with the agreement of the Sublime Porte, according to its capitulations with foreign powers.

The Treaty of Paris (1856) established the European Commission of the Danube (ECD), a body entrusted with regulating navigation along the maritime Danube. It consisted of representatives of the seven signatory powers and their successor states (Austria, France, Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, Sardinia and Turkey), and since 1878 of a Romanian delegate. During its early phase several powers had diplomats especially appointed as member of the Danube Commission, but by late 19^th century it was customary to have the local consul also involved in this commission. Thus, the consular list should be completed with the terms of the representatives in the ECD. As there were gaps between the end of a consul’s term and the beginning of the next consul’s activity, the exact duration of their consular terms were approximated, and when unclear question marks have been used. The names of consuls vary in the Romanian and French transliteration.

The list below is based on information acquired by a scholar in the early 1890s from Romania’s Foreign Office, completed with other details from two other contemporary diplomatic sources[1].

Consuls

Name of consul	Country represented	Origin	Inclusive dates of public service
Iosif Manzoli de Corrolari (as staroste)	Austria[2]	–	1798–1825
Dimitrie Kossinsky (Russian vice-consul, gerant)	Austria	Russian	1825–1833
Dimitrie Atanaţcovici (as vice-consul and since 1835 consul)	Austria	–	1833–1839
Christian Guillaume Hüber	Austria	–	1839–1849
Albert Chiari	Austria	–	1849–1857
Carol Francisc Becke (gerant)	Austria	–	1857–1862
Alfred Kremer	Austria (Austria–Hungary)	–	1862–1871
Kwiatkowsky	Austria–Hungary	–	1871–1875
De Haan (since 1882 as general consul)	Austria–Hungary	–	1875–1882
Carol de Boleslawsky	Austria–Hungary	–	1882–1890
Carol Gsiller	Austria–Hungary	–	1890–(?)
Victor de Borhek	Austria–Hungary	–	1899(?)–(?)
B. H. Buisson (consul)	Belgium[3]	–	1838–1841
I. I. Manuah (vice-consul)	Belgium	–	1855–1857
I. H. Krausse (consul)	Belgium	–	1857–1859
D. Schippmann	Belgium	–	1859–1867
Simon Schwab (Schwable) (honorary consul)	Belgium	–	1867–(?)
Georges Verona	Belgium	–	1900(?)–(?)
Zencker (consul)	Denmark[4]	–	1853–1857
Th. Fickenscher (gerant)	Denmark	–	1856–1858
I. Hampern (consul)	Denmark	–	1858–1865
M. Abramovici	Denmark	–	1865–1867
P. Ackatoz	Denmark	–	1867
M. Abramovici	Denmark	–	1867–1876
August Dall’Orso	Denmark	–	1876–1902(?)
Violier (consular agent)	France[5]	–	1838–1840
Charles Cunningham, English vice-consul (gerant)	France	–	1840–1847
Duclos (consular agent)	France	–	1847–1852
Gardera (consul)	France	–	1852–1855
De Bronsard	France	–	1855–1857
F. Steyert	France	–	1857–1859
E. Bouillot	France	–	1859–1860
L. Vermot	France	–	1860–1863
V. Castaign (gerant)	France	–	1863–1865
D. Grosse (Gorsse)	France	–	1865–1868
H. Boyard	France	–	1868–1873
Alex. Duboul	France	–	1873–1880
Charles d’Haricourt	France	–	1880–1881
Laporte	France	–	1881–1882
Jules Ferdinand Coste	France	–	1882
Gaston Wiet	France	–	1882–1883
Camile Georges de Vaux	France	–	1883–1885
Gaston Wiet	France	–	1885–1900
Joseph Pollio	France	–	1900–1908
Henri André Arnould	France	–	1908–1914
Pepine Manzoli (vice-consul)	Great Britain[6]	–	1830?–1835
Gessi	Great Britain	–	1835–1836
Charles Cunningham (in 1860 as consul)	Great Britain	–	1836–1860
C. B. Ward	Great Britain	–	1860–1876
Percy Sanderson	Great Britain	–	1876–1894
Politos Xenof (vice-consul)	Greece[7]	–	1835–1842
I. Velisarie (provisional vice-consul)	Greece	–	1842
G. Atanasiad (vice-consul)	Greece	–	1842–1850
L. Argentis	Greece	–	1850–1851
S. Ghionis (honorary consul)	Greece	–	1851–1863
M. Evanghelidi (provisional gerant)	Greece	–	1863–1864
D. Geracari (consul)	Greece	–	1864
Ion Angamachis	Greece	–	1864–1866
N. Vioschi (ad-interim gerant)	Greece	–	1866–1867
N. Avaside (general consul)	Greece	–	1867–1868
N. G. Manolato (consul)	Greece	–	1868–1874
I. Polimede	Greece	–	1874
George Tsamados	Greece	–	1874–1880
Alex. Costis	Greece	–	1880–1881
I. Papacostopulo	Greece	–	1881
Iacob Contumas	Greece	–	1881–1882
Epaminondas Philon	Greece	–	1882–1884
Guillaume Fontanas	Greece	–	1884–1888
E. Antipas	Greece	–	1888–(?)
Dem. Kympritis	Greece	–	1896–1902(?)
Mehmet Vasfi Kessoglu, consular agent	Persia[8]	-	1906
Krauss (consul)	Prussia[9]	–	1837–1839
Carnieff (Russian consul, gerant)	Prussia	–	1839
Stürtz (gerant)	Prussia	–	1839–1842
Carol Schwartz (gerant)	Prussia	–	1842
Pascal Lamberti (consul)	Prussia	–	1842–1844
Eusebiu Wedecke	Prussia	–	1844–1850
König	Prussia	–	1850–1853
Meroni	Prussia	–	1853–1860
Blücher (consular agent, since 1861 vice-consul and since 1869 consul of the North German Confederation)	Prussia	–	1860–1876
Reitz (gerant)	Germany	–	1876–1877
Arendt (consul)	Germany	–	1877–1886
Frid de Aichberger	Germany	–	1886–1889
Baron Walter of Weigenheim	Germany	–	1889–1894(?)
M. Loehr	Germany	–	1894(?)–1902(?)
Schippmann	Hanseatic Cities	–	1859–1864
Blücher	Hanseatic Cities	–	1864–1869
Filip Trucki (vice-consul)	Sardinia[10]	–	1833–1838
Bartolomeo Geymet	Sardinia	–	1838–1841
Adolf Castenard	Sardinia	–	1841–1845
Francisc Mathieu	Sardinia	–	1845–1850
Stefan Berzolesc	Sardinia	–	1850–1853
I. Curpanetti	Sardinia	–	1853–1859
Cavaler Durio	Sardinia	–	1859
Luis Leardi (consul)	Italy	–	1859–1862
Carol Cataneo	Italy	–	1862–1863
Fr. I. Stella	Italy	–	1863
Laurent Vignale	Italy	–	1863–1866
Ferd. Scaglia	Italy	–	1866–1867
Castelli	Italy	–	1867–1868
Berio	Italy	–	1868–1873
Cesar Durando	Italy	–	1873–1877
Somariva	Italy	–	1877–1878
Simondetti	Italy	–	1878–1881
Nicola Revest	Italy	–	1881–1887
Geovani Paulo Riva	Italy	–	1887–1888
G. Pascal Corti	Italy	–	1888–1890
Guilio Tesi	Italy	–	1890–(?)
Nicolas Domenico Papplepore	Italy	–	(?)–(?)
Pascal Lamberti	The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies	–	1841–1853
I. Curpenetti	The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies	–	1853–1858
Paul Diclich	The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies	–	1858–1859
Sovetnic Arghiropulo (consular agent)	Russia[11]	–	(?)–1836
Sovetnic Machedin (provisional vice-consul)	Russia	–	1836
Carnieff (definitive vice-consul)	Russia	–	1836–1842
H. Cola (vice-consul, since 1845 consul)	Russia	–	1842–1856
A. Romanenco (gerant)	Russia	–	1856–1857
H. Cola, consul	Russia	–	1857–1861
Baron d’Offenberg	Russia	–	1861–1863
Lex	Russia	–	1863
P. Romanenco	Russia	–	1863
C. d’Amburger	Russia	–	1863–1864
Alexander Romanenco	Russia	–	1864–(?)
Nicolas Ladyjensky	Russia	–	1892–1902(?)
Omer Lufti Effendi	Turkey[12]	–	1877
Artim Effendi (consul)	Turkey	–	1879–1880
Dall’Orso (consul of Spain, gerant)	Turkey	–	1880
Damian Effendi (consul)	Turkey	–	1880–1882
Maxim Effendi Warthaliti	Turkey	–	1882–(?)
Azarian Effendi	Turkey	–	1890(?)–(?)
Carol Greiss (vice-consul)	Sweden–Norway[13]	–	(?)–1851
Pascal Lamberti (gerant)	Sweden–Norway	–	1851
L. Bertrant (gerant)	Sweden–Norway	–	1851–1852
Th. Mathieu (vice-consul and then consul)	Sweden–Norway	–	1852–1857
Louis Mendl (consul) Ludovic	Sweden–Norway	–	1861–1864
Ioan Ierinich (provisional consul)	Sweden–Norway	–	1864
Louis (Ludovic) Mendl (consul)	Sweden–Norway	–	1864–1889(?)
S. Mendl	Sweden–Norway	–	1896–1902(?)
Antoniu Vlasto (vice-consul)	The Netherlands[14]	–	1841–1850
S. Argenti	The Netherlands	–	1850–1856
Theodor Fikenscher	The Netherlands	–	1856–1859
Guillaume Küminel (gerant)	The Netherlands	–	1859
F. Salvag (provisional vice-consul)	The Netherlands	–	1859
G. S. Vlasto (vice-consul)	The Netherlands	–	1859–1876
M. Schmierer (vice-consul and since 1882 consul)	The Netherlands	–	1876–1885
Ludwig Leop. Schmierer	The Netherlands	–	1885–1902(?)
P. Foscolo	Spain[15]	–	1870–1887
Charles (Carol) Foscolo (gerant)	Spain	–	1887–(?)
Hans Rychner (honorary consul)	Switzerland[16]	–	1881–1906
E. d’Aujourd’hui	Switzerland	–	1907–1911
Negroponte (vice-consul)	USA[17]	–	(?)–1859
H. T. Romestetze (consul in Jassy)	USA	–	1859–1860
C. F. Langdon	USA	–	1860–1862
W. W. Thomas (consul at Galaţi)	USA	–	1862–1863
Fr. Wippermann	USA	–	1863–1865
Oscar Maliwros	USA	–	1865–1867
A. Hartmann	USA	–	1867–1872
Al. C. Hepites	USA	–	1872–1878
Timotei C. Schmidt	USA	–	1878–1884
Leopold Dolfus de Meric (gerant)	USA	–	1884–(?)

Representatives in the European Commission of the Danube[18]

Name of consul	Country represented	Origin	Inclusive dates of public service
Becke	Austria	–	1856–1862
Kremer	Austria, Austria–Hungary	–	1862–1869
Zulauf de Pottenburg	Austria-Hungary	–	1869–1871
Schlechta	Austria-Hungary	–	1871–1873
Gröller	Austria-Hungary	–	1873–1875
De Haan	Austria-Hungary	–	1875–1882
Boleslawski	Austria-Hungary	–	1882–1890
Gsiller	Austria-Hungary	–	1890–1896
Czikann de Wahlborn	Austria-Hungary	–	1896–1897
Logothetti	Austria-Hungary	–	1897–1899
Victor de Borhek	Austria-Hungary	–	1899–1912
Felner von der Arl	Austria-Hungary	–	1912–1916
Engelhardt	France	–	1856–1867
D’Avril	France	–	1867–1877
Herbette	France	–	1877–1880
Barrère	France	–	1880–1883
Lavertujon	France	–	1883–1885
Reverseaux	France	–	1885–1891
D’Aubigny	France	–	1891
Cogordan	France	–	1891–1894
Sienkiewicz	France	–	1894–1896
Paillard – Ducléré	France	–	1896–1902
Marcellin Pellet	France	–	1902–1906
De Margerie	France	–	1906–1907
Deville	France	–	1907–1909
Soulange-Bodin	France	–	1909–1911
Guillemin	France	–	1911–1916
Bitter	Prussia	–	1856–1860
De Saint Pierre	Prussia	–	1860–1867
Keyserling Rautenburg	Prussia, North German Confederation	–	1867–1870
De Radowitz	Germany	–	1870–1873
De Pfuel	Germany	–	1873–1876
D’Alvensleben	Germany	–	1876–1878
Arendt	Germany	–	1878–1886
D’Aichberger	Germany	–	1886–1889
Wangenheim	Germany	–	1889–1891
Raffauf	Germany	–	1891–1895
De Loehr	Germany	–	1895–1902
Marheinecke	Germany	–	1902–1916
John Stokes	Great Britan	–	1856–1871
Charles Gordon	Great Britan	–	1871–1872
Siborne	Great Britan	–	1873–1882
Percy Sanderson	Great Britan	–	1882–1894
Henry Trotter	Great Britan	–	1894–1907
Hamilton Browne	Great Britan	–	1907–1913
John Baldwin	Great Britan	–	1913–1916
D’Aste	Sardinia	–	1856–1860
Strambio	Italy	–	1860–1866
Teccio de Bayo	Italy	–	1866–1867
Susinno	Italy	–	1867–1868
Berrio	Italy	–	1868–1873
Durando	Italy	–	1873–1877
Seysel d’Aix de Sommariva	Italy	–	1877–1878
Simondetti	Italy	–	1878–1881
Revest	Italy	–	1881–1887
De Riva	Italy	–	1887–1888
Corte	Italy	–	1888–1890
Tesi	Italy	–	1890–1899
Saint Martin	Italy	–	1899–1900
Pappalepore	Italy	–	1900–1906
Centurione	Italy	–	1906–1907
Acton	Italy	–	1907–1908
Monzani	Italy	–	1908
Visart	Italy	–	1909–1915
D’Offenberg	Russia	–	1856–1872
Zinoview	Russia	–	1872–1876
Stuart	Russia	–	1876–1878
Romanenko	Russia	–	1878–1892
De Lodygensky	Russia	–	1892–1902
Lobanow de Rostow	Russia	–	1902–1904
Kartamyschew	Russia	–	1904–1916
Omer Pasha	Turkey	–	1856–1863
Rashid Pasha	Turkey	–	1863–1864
Sabri Pasha	Turkey	–	1864
Rassim Pasha	Turkey	–	1864–1867
Suleyman Pasha	Turkey	–	1867–1870
Ismail Bey	Turkey	–	1870–1873
Fahri Bey	Turkey	–	1873–1875
Madjid Bey	Turkey	–	1876
Aali Bey	Turkey	–	1876
Mehmed Said Pasha	Turkey	–	1877
Constantin Effendi Et. Caratheodory	Turkey	–	1878–1886
Artin Effendi	Turkey	–	1886–1888
Maxime Effendi	Turkey	–	1888–1890
Azarian Effendi	Turkey	–	1890–1908
Ihsan Bey	Turkey	–	1908–1911
Haidar Bey	Turkey	–	1911–1916

[1] The list is based on information from Moise N. Pacu, Cartea judeţului Covurluiu. Note geografice, istorice şi în deosebi statistice (Bucharest: Stabilimentul Grafic I. V. Socecu, 1891), 390–404, with additions from Lista corpului consular în România, 1889 (Bucharest: s.e., s.a.) and Liste de messieurs les membres du corps consulaire en Roumanie (Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1902).

[2] For Austria and Austria–Hungary, data in Pacu, Cartea, 390–391.

[3] For Belgium, Ibid., 399–400.

[4] For Denmark, Ibid., 402–403.

[5] For France, Ibid., 391–392 and, with several differences, Ana Maria Vele, “Reprezentarea diplomatică a Franţei în România (1866–1914)”, Anuarul Institutului de Istorie G. Bariţiu din Cluj–Napoca, 47 (2008), 143–156.

[6] For Great Britain, Pacu, Cartea, 392–394.

[7] For Greece, Ibid., 400-401.

[8] Prefectura Poliţiei Galaţi, Indicatorul oraşului Galaţi, cuprinzând adresele tuturor autorităţilor civile şi militare, ale caselor mari comerciale şi ale tuturor instituţiunilor etc. etc. (Galaţi: s.e, s.a), 24.

[9] For Prussia, the German states and Germany, Pacu, Cartea, 394–395.

[10] For the Italian states and Italy, Ibid., 395–396.

[11] For Russia, Ibid., 398–399.

[12] For Turkey, Ibid., 399

[13] For Sweden–Norway, Ibid., 401–402

[14] For The Netherlands, Ibid., 402.

[15] For Spain, Ibid., 403.

[16] For Switzerland, Ibid., 403 and online at http://db.dodis.ch/organization/11985.

[17] For the USA, Pacu, Cartea, 404.

[18] La Commission Européenne du Danube et son oeuvre, de 1856 à 1931 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1931), 76–81.

References

Websites:

Official site of the Swiss archives

http://db.dodis.ch/organization/11985

Archival sources:

Serviciul Judeţean Galaţi al Arhivelor Naţionale (The National Archives, Galaţi Branch), Consulatul General al Angliei la Galaţi (General Consulate of England at Galaţi), 1 file covering the period 1877–1879.

Serviciul Judeţean Galaţi al Arhivelor Naţionale (The National Archives, Galaţi Branch), Consulatul General al Rusiei la Galaţi (General Consulate of Russia at Galaţi), 2 files for the period 1853–1893.

Serviciul Judeţean Galaţi al Arhivelor Naţionale (The National Archives, Galaţi Branch), Comisia Europeană a Dunării (The European Commission of the Danube), files starting with 1856.

Bibliography:

La Commission Européenne du Danube et son oeuvre, de 1856 à 1931 (Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1931).

Lista corpului consular în România, 1889 [The List of the Consular Body in Romania, 1889] (Bucharest: s.e., s.a.).

Liste de messieurs les membres du corps consulaire en Roumanie (Bucharest: Imprimeria Statului, 1902).

Pacu, Moise N., Cartea Judeţului Covurlui. Note geografice, istorice şi în deosebi statistice [The Book of Covurlui County. Geographical, Historical and Mainly Statistical Notes] (Bucharest: Stabilimentul Grafic I. V. Socecu, 1891).

Prefectura Poliţiei Galaţi, Indicatorul oraşului Galaţi, cuprinzând adresele tuturor autorităţilor civile şi militare, ale caselor mari comerciale şi ale tuturor instituţiunilor etc. etc. [The Indicator of Galaţi, Containing the Addresses of all Civil and Military Authorities, of the Large Commercial Houses and of All Institutions etc.] (Galaţi: s.e, s.a).

Vele, Ana Maria, “Reprezentarea diplomatică a Franţei în România (1866–1914)” [France’s Diplomatic Representation to Romania (1866–1914)], Anuarul Institutului de Istorie G. Bariţiu din Cluj–Napoca, 47 (2008), 143–156.

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